Ibikoresho bya polymer ubu bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, amakuru ya elegitoronike, ubwikorezi, kubaka ingufu zizigama, icyogajuru, ingabo zigihugu ndetse nizindi nzego nyinshi kubera ibintu byiza cyane nkuburemere bworoshye, imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ubushyuhe no kurwanya ruswa.Ibi ntibitanga gusa umwanya munini wamasoko yinganda nshya ya polymer, ahubwo inashyira imbere ibisabwa hejuru kubikorwa byayo byiza, urwego rwo kwizerwa hamwe nubushobozi bwubwishingizi.
Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo kongera ibikorwa byibikoresho bya polymer bijyanye nihame ryo kuzigama ingufu, karubone nkeya niterambere ryibidukikije bigenda byitabwaho cyane.Kandi gusaza nikintu cyingenzi kigira ingaruka ku kwizerwa no kuramba kwibikoresho bya polymer.
Ibikurikira, tuzareba ibisaza byibikoresho bya polymer, ubwoko bwubusaza, ibintu bitera gusaza, uburyo nyamukuru bwo kurwanya gusaza no kurwanya gusaza kwa plastiki eshanu rusange.
A. Gusaza kwa plastiki
Ibiranga imiterere nimiterere yibikoresho bya polymer ubwabyo nibintu byabo byo hanze nkubushyuhe, urumuri, ogisijeni yumuriro, ozone, amazi, aside, alkali, bagiteri na enzymes mugikorwa cyo kuyikoresha bituma bakora nabi cyangwa gutakaza mubikorwa. Bya i Porogaramu.
Ibi ntibitera guta umutungo gusa, ndetse birashobora no guteza impanuka nyinshi bitewe no kunanirwa kwimikorere, ariko kandi kubora kwibintu byatewe no gusaza bishobora no kwanduza ibidukikije.
Gusaza kw'ibikoresho bya polymer mugikorwa cyo gukoresha birashoboka cyane guteza ibiza bikomeye nigihombo kidasubirwaho.
Kubwibyo, kurwanya gusaza ibikoresho bya polymer byabaye ikibazo inganda za polymer zigomba gukemura.
B. Ubwoko bwibikoresho bya polymer gusaza
Hariho ibintu bitandukanye byo gusaza nibiranga bitewe nubwoko butandukanye bwa polymer nuburyo bukoreshwa.Muri rusange, gusaza kwibikoresho bya polymer birashobora gushyirwa mubice bine bikurikira byimpinduka.
01 Impinduka mumiterere
Ikirangantego, ibibara, imirongo ya feza, ibice, ubukonje, guhiga, gukomera, kurigata, amaso y amafi, kubyimba, kugabanuka, gutwika, kugoreka optique no guhindura amabara meza.
02 Impinduka mumiterere yumubiri
Harimo gukemuka, kubyimba, imiterere ya rheologiya no guhinduka mukurwanya ubukonje, kurwanya ubushyuhe, amazi yinjira, umwuka mubi nibindi bintu.
03 Impinduka mumiterere yubukanishi
Impinduka mu mbaraga zingana, imbaraga zunama, imbaraga zogosha, imbaraga zingaruka, kurambura ugereranije, kuruhuka guhangayitse nibindi bintu.
04 Impinduka mumiterere yamashanyarazi
Nkuburwanya busa, kurwanya amajwi, guhora dielectric, imbaraga zo gusenyuka kwamashanyarazi nizindi mpinduka.
C. Isesengura rya Microscopique yo gusaza ibikoresho bya polymer
Polimeri ikora ibintu bishimishije bya molekile imbere yubushyuhe cyangwa urumuri, kandi iyo ingufu ziba nyinshi bihagije, iminyururu ya molekile iracika kugirango ibe radicals yubusa, ishobora gukora urunigi muri polymer hanyuma igakomeza gutangiza iyangirika kandi ishobora no gutera kwambuka- guhuza.
Niba ogisijeni cyangwa ozone ihari mubidukikije, urukurikirane rwa reaction ya okiside nayo iraterwa, ikora hydroperoxide (ROOH) hanyuma ikangirika mumatsinda ya karubone.
Niba ibyuma bya catalizator bisigaye biboneka muri polymer, cyangwa niba ion zicyuma nkumuringa, icyuma, manganese na cobalt zazanywe mugihe cyo gutunganya cyangwa gukoresha, reaction ya okiside igabanya ubukana bwa polymer izihuta.
D. Uburyo nyamukuru bwo kunoza imikorere yo kurwanya gusaza
Kugeza ubu, hari uburyo bune bwingenzi bwo kunoza no kuzamura imikorere yo kurwanya gusaza ibikoresho bya polymer nkibi bikurikira.
01 Kurinda umubiri (kubyimba, gushushanya, ibice byo hanze, nibindi)
Gusaza kw'ibikoresho bya polymer, cyane cyane ifoto-okiside ishaje, itangirira hejuru yibikoresho cyangwa ibicuruzwa, bigaragarira nko guhinduka ibara, guhondagura, guturika, kugabanuka kwinshi, nibindi, hanyuma bigenda byinjira cyane imbere.Ibicuruzwa bito cyane birashoboka kunanirwa hakiri kare kuruta ibicuruzwa byinshi, bityo ubuzima bwa serivisi bwibicuruzwa burashobora kongerwa no kubyimba ibicuruzwa.
Kubicuruzwa bikunda gusaza, hashobora gushyirwaho igipande cy’ibihe bidashobora guhangana n’ikirere, cyangwa igipande cy’ibikoresho bitarwanya ikirere gishobora guhuzwa ku gice cyo hanze cy’ibicuruzwa, ku buryo hashobora gushyirwaho urwego rukingira. ubuso bwibicuruzwa kugirango bidindiza gahunda yo gusaza.
02 Gutezimbere tekinoroji yo gutunganya
Ibikoresho byinshi muri synthesis cyangwa inzira yo gutegura, hariho kandi ikibazo cyo gusaza.Kurugero, ingaruka zubushyuhe mugihe cya polymerizasiya, ubushyuhe bwa ogisijeni na ogisijeni mugihe cyo gutunganya, nibindi. Noneho rero, ingaruka za ogisijeni zirashobora kugabanuka wongeyeho ibikoresho byangiza cyangwa ibikoresho bya vacuum mugihe cya polymerisation cyangwa gutunganya.
Nyamara, ubu buryo bushobora kwemeza gusa imikorere yibikoresho muruganda, kandi ubu buryo bushobora gushyirwa mubikorwa biturutse kumasoko yo gutegura ibikoresho, kandi ntibishobora gukemura ikibazo cyashaje mugihe cyo gusubiramo no gukoresha.
03 Igishushanyo mbonera cyangwa guhindura ibikoresho
Ibikoresho byinshi bya macromolecule bifite amatsinda yo gusaza muburyo bwa molekile, bityo binyuze mugushushanya imiterere ya molekile yibikoresho, gusimbuza amatsinda ashaje hamwe nitsinda ridasaza akenshi bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza.
04 Ongeraho inyongeramusaruro zirwanya gusaza
Kugeza ubu, inzira nziza nuburyo busanzwe bwo kunoza gusaza ibikoresho bya polymer ni ukongeramo inyongeramusaruro zirwanya ubusaza, zikoreshwa cyane kubera igiciro gito kandi nta mpamvu yo guhindura imikorere ihari.Hariho uburyo bubiri bwingenzi bwo kongeramo izo nyongeramusaruro zirwanya ubusaza.
Inyongeramusaruro zirwanya gusaza (ifu cyangwa amazi) hamwe na resin hamwe nibindi bikoresho fatizo bivanze bitaziguye kandi bivangwa nyuma yo gukuramo granulation cyangwa guterwa inshinge, nibindi .. Ubu ni inzira yoroshye kandi yoroshye yo kongeramo, ikoreshwa cyane na benshi ba pelletizing na gutera inshinge.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-26-2022